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Cholin

Einleitung
Cholin ist eine fettähnliche Substanz, die für gute Gesundheit wichtig und in allen Körperzellen zu finden ist. Obwohl eine geringe Menge an Cholin in der Leber synthetisiert werden kann, können auf diesem Weg nicht alle Bedürfnisse des Körpers gestillt werden. Wenn wir zu wenig Cholin mit der Nahrung aufnehmen, können wir nur wenig Cholin speichern und bringen so die Funktion der Leber aus dem Gleichgewicht. Darum sind Nahrungsmittel als Quelle von Cholin wichtig. Die häufigste Form von Cholin in Lebensmitteln ist Phosphatidylcholin.Der größte Teil des Cholin, das aus der Nahrung aufgenommen wird, wird in der Leber, im Gehirn und in den Nieren absorbiert. Der Ausdruck Lezithin wird in zweifacher Bedeutung gebraucht. In der Chemie ist Lezithin ein anderer Name für Phosphatidylcholin (die häufigste Form von Cholin in Lebensmitteln). In der Ernährung wird Lezithin als Name für eine Substanz gebraucht, die häufig aus Sojabohnen gewonnen wird und eine Mischung aus Phosphatidylcholin, Inositol und anderen Phospholipiden enthält. Lezithingranulat ist ein wertvolles Nährstoff-Supplement, weil es Cholin und Inositol in relativ großen Mengen enthält.

Funktionen
Entgiftung und Ausscheidung von Chemikalien: Cholin unterstützt das Enzymsystem der Leber, dass das Blut entgiftet und Medikamente und toxische Umweltchemikalien ausscheidet.
Fett-Metabolismus in der Leber: Cholin ist notwendig für den Transport von Triglyceriden und anderen Fetten aus der Leber in das Gewebe. Ein niedriger Cholin-Status ist gleichbedeutend mit der Anhäufung von Fett in den Leberzellen und mit einer gestörten Leberfunktion.
Synthese von Acetylcholin: Cholin wird in den Nerven und im Gehirn zu Acetylcholin umgewandelt. Acetylcholin ist einer der Hauptneurotransmitter, der Emotionen und Verhalten im Gehirn steuert.

Ursachen von Mangelzuständen

Mangel an B-Vitaminen: Niedrige Folsäure- oder Vitamin-B12-Zufuhr erhöht den Bedarf an Cholin beträchtlich.

Chronische Erkrankungen: Krankheiten, wie zum Beispiel AIDS, entzündliche Darmerkrankungen oder Arthritis, erhöhen das Risiko für einen Cholinmangel

Hoher Alkoholkonsum: Regelmäßiger Alkoholkonsum senkt den Cholinspiegel im Körper

Verdauungsstörungen: Menschen, die eine Bauchspeicheldrüsen- oder andere Fett- Verdauungsstörungen haben, nehmen Cholin schlecht auf und können deswegen Mangelerscheinungen entwickeln.

Wachstum: Während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit ist der Bedarf an Cholin erhöht. Cholin findet man in vielen Lebensmitteln. Trotzdem ist die tägliche Zufuhr von Cholin in Westeuropa und den USA mit 0,2-1,0 g pro Tag niedrig. Lezithin-Supplemente sind eine besonders gute Quelle von Cholin. Sie enthalten gewöhnlich ca. 20% Phosphatidylcholin. Folglich enthalten 5 g Lezithin ca. 1 g Phosphatidylcholin.

Folgen eines Cholinmangels

Erhöhtes Risiko für Leberkrebs
Fetteinlagerung in der Leber, was zu Leberschäden führt
Gestörte Nierenfunktion
Gestörter Carnitin Metabolismus
Gestörter Wachstum
Hoher Blutdruck
Lern- und Gedächnisstörungen
Unfruchtbarkeit
Verminderte Produktion von roten Blutkörperchen

Anwendungsgebiete

Alzheimer-Krankheit: Ein Zeichen für Alzheimer-Krankheit ist ein niedriger Acetylcholin-Spiegel im Gehirn. Cholin und Lezithin vermögen Menschen mit Alzheimer und anderen Formen von Demenz zu helfen, indem der Acetylcholin-Spiegel im Gehirn angehoben wird.

Bewegungsstörungen: Unregelmäßigkeiten des Acetylcholin-Systems im Gehirn können zu Bewegungsstörungen führen. Deshalb kann Menschen mit Parkinsonscher Krankheit, Huntington- Krankheit und anderen Nervenstörungen, die sich in abnormalen Bewegungen äußern, durch die Verabreichung eines Cholin- und Lezithin-Supplements geholfen werden.

Entgiftung der Leber und Ausscheidung von Medikamenten und Chemikalien: Cholin stimuliert das Enzymsystem der Leber, das das Blut entgiftet und Medikamente, Alkohol und toxische Umweltchemikalien wie z.B. Pestizide, Lebensmittelzustände und Schwermetalle ausscheidet.

Entzündung der Leber: Durch Cholin- und Lezithin-Supplemente können Symptome von viralen Leberentzündungen (Hepatitis) abgeschwächt werden sowie ihre Dauer reduziert und Rückfällen vorgebeugt werden.

Funktion des Gehirns: Lezithin- und Cholin-Supplemente vermögen den Acetylcholin-Spiegel im Gehirn zu erhöhen. Acetylcholin ist beteiligt, wenn unser Gedächtnis Erinnerungen speichert und abruft. Cholin und Lezithin können folglich die Gedächtnisleistung steigern, besonders bei älteren Menschen.

Gallensteine: Lezithin kann die Ablagerung von Cholesterin in Form von Gallensteinen verhindern. Cholin- und Lezithin-Supplemente vermögen das Risiko einer solchen Störung zu senken.

Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen: Lezithin-Supplemente vermögen Triglyceride und Gesamt- und LDL-Cholesterin zu senken sowie HDL-Cholesterin im Blut zu erhöhen. Dadurch wird das Risiko von Arteriosklerose gesenkt.

Hoher Alkoholkonsum: Durch Alkoholkonsum werden Cholinspiegel in Blut und Leber gesenkt Schwerer Alkoholmissbrauch kann zu Fettleber und Leberstörungen führen. Cholin-Supplemente können den durch Alkoholkonsum verursachten Schaden reduzieren und die Heilung beschleunigen.

Schwangerschaft: Der Cholinbedarf ist während der Schwangerschaft erheblich erhöht. In den letzten Phasen der Schwangerschaft können Schwangere einen niedrigen Cholinspiegel im Blut entwickeln und Fettablagerungen in der Leber erhöhen. Supplemente können die geleerten Cholinspeicher füllen und die Leber schützen.

Vorkommen in der Nahrung / Cholinreiche Nahrungsmittel Menge Mg:

Rindsleber 100 g 520
Hühnerei 1 mittleres 270
Erdnüsse 100 g 95
Rindfleisch, Filet 100 g 66
Blumenkohl 100 g 42
Eisbergsalat 100 g 31
Vollkornbrot 100 g 13
Kartoffeln 100 g 8
Vollmilch 1 dl 3

Überdosierung
Sehr hohe Dosen von Cholin (> 20 g pro Tag über mehrere Wochen) können Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Schwindel und eine nach Fisch riechende Körperausdünstung verursachen. Bei niedrigen Dosierungen (1-10 g) wurden keine toxischen Reaktionen beobachtet. Bei vereinzelten Personen kann hochdosiertes Cholin Depressionen auslösen.

Zufuhrempfehlungen
Die übliche Dosierungsempfehlung beträgt 2-10 g Lezithin pro Tag. Cholin-Supplemente enthalten meistens zwischen 0,5-1,0 g pro Einheit.

Referenzen

Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M, Dubin M, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Pownall H, Farley W, Awal M, Ahn C. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001 Sep-Oct;25(5):260-8
Deuster PA, Singh A, Coll R, Hyde DE, Becker WJ. Choline ingestion does not modify physical or cognitive performance. Mil Med. 2002 Dec;167(12):1020-5
Klein J, Koppen A, Loffelholz K. Uptake and storage of choline by rat brain: influence of dietary choline supplementation. J Neurochem. 1991 Aug;57(2):370-5
Tan J, Bluml S, Hoang T, Dubowitz D, Mevenkamp G, Ross B. Lack of effect of oral choline supplement on the concentrations of choline metabolites in human brain. Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jun;39(6):1005-10
Klein J. Membrane breakdown in acute and chronic neurodegeneration: focus on choline-containing phospholipids. J Neural Transm. 2000;107(8-9):1027-63
Hongu N, Sachan DS. Carnitine and choline supplementation with exercise alter carnitine profiles, biochemical markers of fat metabolism and serum leptin concentration in healthy women. J Nutr 2003 Jan;133(1):84-9
Hongu N, Sachan DS. Caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation of rats decreases body fat and serum leptin concentration as does exercise. J Nutr 2000 Feb;130(2):152-7
Wurtman RJ, Hirsch MJ, Growdon JH. Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Lancet. 1977 Jul 9;2(8028):68-9
Muma NA, Rowell PP. Brain and serum levels of choline and lecithin resulting from long-term administration. Neurochem Res. 1986 Apr;11(4):481-8
Jope RS. Effects of phosphatidylcholine administration to rats on choline in blood and choline and acetylcholine in brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982 Feb;220(2):322-8
Kumar R, Divekar HM, Gupta V, Srivastava KK. Antistress and adaptogenic activity of lecithin supplementation. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Aug;8(4):487-92
Buchman AL, Jenden D, Roch M. Plasma free, phospholipid-bound and urinary free choline all decrease during a marathon run and may be associated with impaired performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Dec;18(6):598-601
Buchman AL, Awal M, Jenden D, Roch M, Kang SH. The effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma choline concentrations during a marathon. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Nov-Dec;19(6):768-70
Shea TB, Ekinci FJ, Ortiz D, Dawn-Linsley M, Wilson TO, Nicolosi RJ. Efficacy of vitamin E, phosphatidyl choline, and pyruvate on buffering neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress in cultured cortical neurons and in central nervous tissue of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Jul 15;33(2):276-82
Chung SY, Moriyama T, Uezu E, Uezu K, Hirata R, Yohena N, Masuda Y, Kokubu T, Yamamoto S. Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in mice with dementia. J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6):1484-9
Hung MC, Shibasaki K, Yoshida R, Sato M, Imaizumi K. Learning behaviour and cerebral protein kinase C, antioxidant status, lipid composition in senescence-accelerated mouse: influence of a phosphatidylcholine-vitamin B12 diet. Br J Nutr. 2001 Aug;86(2):163-71
Schettini G, Ventra C, Florio T, Grimaldi M, Meucci O, Scorziello A, Postiglione A, Marino A. Molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a new cognition-enhancing drug, on behavioral and biochemical parameters in young and aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992 Sep;43(1):139-51
Govoni S, Battaini F, Lucchi L, Pascale A, Trabucchi M. PKC translocation in rat brain cortex is promoted in vivo and in vitro by alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a cognition-enhancing drug. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Sep 24;695:307-10
Vega JA, Cavallotti C, del Valle ME, Mancini M, Amenta F. Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex of aged rats: effect of choline alfoscerate treatment. Mech Ageing Dev. 1993 Jun;69(1-2):119-27
Ceda GP, Ceresini G, Denti L, Marzani G, Piovani E, Banchini A, Tarditi E, Valenti G. alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine administration increases the GH responses to GHRH of young and elderly subjects. Horm Metab Res. 1992 Mar;24(3):119-21

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