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Bromelain

Bromelain (Ananas comosus) wurde 1957 entdeckt, es kommt in der Frucht und im Stamm des Ananasbaumes (Ananas comosus) vor. Bromelain ist keine isolierte Substanz, sondern umfasst eine Gruppe von Sulfhydryl-haltigen, proteolytischen (eiweißspaltenden) Enzymen. Auch andere Faktoren, ein Peroxidase-Enzym, ein saures Phosphatase-Enzym, mehrere Proteasen-Hemmer und Kalzium sind enthalten. Entsprechend sind die physiologischen Aktivitäten von Bromelain ein Ergebnis multipler Faktoren. Bromelain wird u.a. bei der Strukturaufklärung von Proteinen angewendet, es dient außerdem als Fleischzartmacher und wird zur Lederaufbereitung eingesetzt.

Bromelain und seine Funktionen

Herz-Kreislauf-System
Bromelain trägt allgemein zum Schutz vor Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten bei. Es ist ein natürlicher Blutverdünner und wirkt antientzündlich. Es hilft beim Abbau von Fibrin, einem Eiweißstoff im Blut, der die gute Blutzirkulation schwächen kann, es schützt außerdem Gewebe vor Austrocknung. Bromelain kann Symptome bei Thrombosen lindern, da es die Ansammlung von Blutplättchen hemmen kann, und es baut atherosklerotische Plaques (Ablagerungen an den Gefäßwänden) ab. Bromelain kann Entzündungen bei Phlebitis (Venenentzündung) verringern und bei Angina pectoris den Abbau von Fibrinogen (Faktor bei der Blutgerinnung) anregen.

Immunsystem
Bromelain kann Abwehrprozesse im Immunsystem stärken und entzündliche Prozesse verringern. Es hilft, fremde Proteine (Antigene) aufzulösen, die für viele allergische Reaktionen verantwortlich sind. Bromelain kann kombiniert mit anderen proteolytischen Enzymen schädlich wirkende Immunkomplexe abbauen. Bromelain kann Abwehrprozesse bei Krebs stärken, beispielsweise durch die Bildung bestimmter Zytokine (Interleukine und Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor), und es kann dazu beitragen, die Ausbreitung von Krebszellen zu hemmen.

Muskel-Skelett-System
Bromelain kann dazu beitragen, entzündliche Prozesse in Geweben, Gelenken und Knochen zu verringern. Es kann auch helfen, Schmerzen zu lindern und Heilungsprozesse bei Wunden zu fördern. Bei Gicht kann Bromelain dazu beitragen, Schwellungen und Schmerzen in den Gelenken zu lindern.

Stoffwechsel
Bromelain fördert allgemein die Verdauung von Proteinen aus der Nahrung. Es kann die Aufnahme einiger sekundärer Pflanzenstoffe fördern, das gilt für Curcumin und Quercetin. Bromelain hemmt außerdem die Bildung von entzündlich wirkenden Prostaglandinen.

Verdauungssystem
Bromelain kann Sodbrennen lindern, es trägt zur Heilung von Magengeschwüren bei und kann bei unzureichenden Pankreas-Funktionen die Entleerung von wichtigen Enzymen verhindern. Bromelain kann auch Durchfällen vorbeugen, da es schädliche Bakterien im Dünndarm verringern kann. Es kann außerdem die Wirkung von Verdauungsenzymen wie Trypsin oder Pepsin fördern.

Infektionen im Harntrakt
Bromelain kann die Behandlung verbessern, da es die Effektivität von Antibiotika fördern kann.

Was ist bei der Einnahme von Bromelain zu beachten?
Bromelain wird einzeln in Form von Kapseln, Tabletten und Pulvern, meist aber in kombiniert mit anderen proteolytischen Enzymen angeboten. Die Aufnahme gilt auch in höheren Dosierungen als sicher. Die Dosierung von Bromelain und die Abstimmung mit anderen Medikamenten sollten auf therapeutische Empfehlung hin erfolgen. Für die meisten Anwendungen bewegen sich die empfohlenen Dosen zwischen 750 mg bis 1000 mg Bromelain täglich, die Dosierung kann in einigen Fällen niedriger, in anderen auch höher sein. Die Einnahme von Bromelain wird meist auf vier Anwendungen pro Tag verteilt. Bromelain wird bei oraler Aufnahme absorbiert, die höchsten Konzentrationen sind eine Stunde nach der Aufnahme im Blut nachweisbar, danach verringert sich die Aktivität.
Bei der Einnahme von Enzymen sollte man allgemein darauf achten, dass sie direkt zu den Mahlzeiten (kurz vor, während und direkt danach) die Verdauung unterstützen. Nimmt man sie ca. 1 ½ bis 2 Stunden vor oder nach dem Essen, wird die optimale entzündungshemmende Wirkung erreicht.

Referenzen

Inoue K, Motonaga A, Dainaka J, et al. Effect of etodolac on prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, active oxygen generation and bradykinin formation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994;51:457-462.
Seligman B. Bromelain: an anti-inflammatory agent. Angiology 1962;13:508-10.
Cirelli MG. Treatment of inflammation and edema with bromelain. Delaware Med J 1962;34:159-67.
Seltzer AP. Minimizing post-operative edema and ecchymoses by the use of an oral enzyme preparation (bromelain). EENT Monthly 1962;41:813-7.
Gerard G. Anti-cancer therapy with bromelain. Agress 1972;3:261-274.
Nieper HA. A program for the treatment of cancer. Krebs 1974;6:124-127.
Balakrishnan V, Hareendran A, Nair CS. Double-blind cross-over trial of an enzyme preparation in pancreatic steatorrhea. J Assoc Physicians India 1981;29:207-9.
Cohen A, Goldman J. Bromelains therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Pennsylvania Med J 1964;67:27-30.
Munzig E, Eckert K, Harrach T, et al. Bromelain protease F9 reduces the CD44 mediated adhesions of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 1995;351:215-8.
Engwerda CR, Andrew D, Murphy M, Mynott TL. "Bromelain activates murine macrophages and natural killer cells in vitro." Cell Immunol. 2001 May 25;210(1):5-10.
MacKay D, Miller AL. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):359-77.
Tinozzi S, Venegoni A. Effect of bromelain on serum and tissue levels of amoxycillin. Drugs Expt Clin Res 1978;4:39-44.
Luerti M, Vignali ML. Influence of bromelain on penetration of antibiotics in uterus, salpinx and ovary. Drugs Expt Clin Res 1978;4:45-48.
Renzinni G, Varengo M. The absorption of tetracyclin in combination with bromelain by oral application. Arzneim-Forsch 1972;22:410-412.
Nieper HA. Effect of bromelain on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. Acta Med Empirica 1978;5:274-278.
Ryan RE. A double-blind clinical evaluation of bromelains in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Headache 1967;7:13-17.
Schafer A, Adelman B. Plasma inhibition of platelet function and of arachidonic acid metabolism J Clin Invest 1985;75:456-61.
Eckert K, Grabowska E, Stange R, Schneider U, Eschmann K, Maurer HR. "Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients." Oncol Rep. 1999 Nov-Dec;6(6):1191-9.

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Bromelain

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