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Theobromin

Theobromin (Etymologie: theobroma (theos = Gott ; broma = Getränk)) ist wie Koffein ein Methylxanthin. Es handelt sich bei Theobromin um das 3,7-Dimethylxanthin, während Koffein (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthin) eine Methylgruppe mehr trägt.
Theobromin ist vor allem im Kakao (wissenschaftlicher Name Theobroma cacao) und seinen Produkten enthalten. Seine Wirkung auf den menschlichen Organismus ähnelt der des Koffeins, ist aber deutlich schwächer. In der zusätzlichen Form ist Theobromin ein weißes Puder.
Als anregende Substanz wird Theobromin oft mit Koffein verwechselt; es hat aber eine deutlich andere Wirkung auf den Organismus, da es mild und dauerhaft anregend, aber auch stimmungsaufhellend wirkt. Es kommt in Kakao und Schokolade in ungefährlichen Mengen vor, so dass man es nicht überdosieren kann -- ungesüßtes Kakaopulver enthält 1 bis 3 Prozent Theobromin. Ungefährlich ist es allerdings nur für den Menschen, denn Tiere wie zum Beispiel Hunde oder Pferde verarbeiten die Substanz viel schlechter und darum kann sie für sie sogar tödlich sein.

Theobromin ist sehr wirksam gegen Reizhusten
Forscher gaben zehn gesunden Probanden Theobromin, ein Placebo oder Codein. Anschließend verabreichten die Wissenschaftler den Testteilnehmern den Reizstoff Capsaicin, der Paprika und Chillischoten ihre Schärfe verleiht und in purer Form Hustenreiz hervorruft. Je mehr Capsaicin die Probanden vertrugen, ohne zu husten, desto besser wirkte das jeweils verwendete Mittel.
Erhielten die Probanden Theobromin, war die verträgliche Konzentration an Capsaicin um rund ein Drittel höher als bei der Gruppe, die Placebos einnahm. Erhielten die Probanden Codein, benötigten die Forscher im Vergleich zu der Placebo-Gruppe nur wenig mehr Capsaicin, um den Hustenreiz auszulösen. Theobromin unterdrückt nach Ansicht der Wissenschaftler die Aktivität des Vagus-Nervs, eines Gehirnnervs, der sich vom Kopf bis in die Bauchhöhle erstreckt und bei Reizungen Husten hervorrufen kann.
Die Forscher fanden bei Theobromin keine Nebeneffekte: Weder das Herz noch das zentrale Nervensystem wurden beeinträchtigt. Theobromin kann daher ohne Einschränkungen genommen werden, schreiben die Wissenschaftler. Im Gegensatz dazu sollte Codein, das als Betäubungsmittel eingestuft wird, von Menschen, die an Maschinen arbeiten oder noch Auto fahren müssen, nicht eingenommen werden. Die Hoffnung auf eine Schokoladentherapie gegen Husten müssen die Forscher jedoch dämpfen: Schokolade enthalte so wenig Theobromin, dass ein Einfluss auf Reizhusten nicht zu erwarten sei.

Bedarf im Sport
Theobromin bewirkt eine muskulöse Entspannung des glatten Muskelgewebes. Nebenwirkungen und Toxizität sind auch in hohen Dosen nicht bekannt. Ich empfähle die Anweisung des jeweiligen Produktes zu beachten.

Referenzen

Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1984 Jan;54(1):64-71. The effect of alkylxanthines and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors on adenosine-receptor mediated decrease in lipolysis and cyclic AMP accumulation in rat fat cells. Fredholm BB, Lindgren E.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Aug;22(2):177-82. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man. Lelo A, Birkett DJ, Robson RA, Miners JO.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Jan 10;175(2):203-5. Caffeine inhibits forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain. Mante S, Minneman KP.
Food Chem Toxicol. 1984 May;22(5):365-9. Comparative toxicities of dietary caffeine and theobromine in the rat. Gans JH.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Jul;39(7):667-80. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates. Walton K, Dorne JL, Renwick AG.
Pol J Pharmacol. 2001 Nov-Dec;53(6):615-21. Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver. Daniel WA, Syrek M, Rylko Z, Kot M.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Jun;115(1-2):1-8. Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Mumford GK, Evans SM, Kaminski BJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Silverman K, Griffiths RR.

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