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Pyruvate

Welche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Wirkungen von Pyruvate gibt es ?

Erhöhte Leistungsfähigkeit in Form von Energiesteigerung und Ausdauersteigerung (natürliches Doping)
Vermehrter Muskelaufbau
Förderung der Fettverbrennung, leichteres abnehmen, leichtere Diät
Wirkung gegen freie Radikale (oxidativer Stress) als Antioxidants
Senkung des Cholesterinspiegels
Stärkung von Herz und Kreislauf

Deswegen wird Pyruvate als Nahrungsergänzung zur Unterstützung beim Bodybuilding, zum abnehmen und zur Diät verwendet.

Pyruvate, oder auch Benztraubensäure kommt in geringen Mengen (200mg bis 2g) in der normalen Ernährung vor. So enthalten Äpfel (ca. 450mg), Obst und Gemüse, Rotwein (ca. 40mg/100ml), dunkles Bier (ca. 30mg/100ml) und andere Nahrungsmittel Pyruvate. Es ist außerdem ein wichtiges Zwischenprodukt bei der Verstoffwechselung von Kohlenhydraten. Daneben wird Pyruvate gebraucht, um körpereigene Fette zur Energiegewinnung in den Mitochondrien der Muskelzellen zu transportieren. Tests, die ein unabhängiges Institut mit einem Pyruvate-haltigem Produkt an übergewichtigen Personen durchführte, ergaben, dass die Einnahme in Verbindung mit einer fettreduzierten Diät und Training zu einer signifikanten Verschiebung der Körperkomposition führt. Es kam zu einer 50% besseren Fettverbrennung und einer Steigerung der des Muskelaufbaus um 20%. Zwar muß hinzugefügt werden, dass in dem getesteten Produkt auch Chrom, Zink, Vitamin B und andere Mikronährstoffe enthalten waren, die Wirkung allerdings hauptsächlich auf Pyruvate zurückzuführen sein sollte.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothensäure) und Zink sind elementar wichtig für die optimale Wirkung von Pyruvate. Es ist daher bei der Verwendung von Pyruvate als eine zusätzliche Ergänzung zu empfehlen. Es konnte bei dieser Studie sowohl ein beachtlicher Fettverlust von durchschnittlich 2,4kg (12%) als auch darüber hinaus eine Zunahme fettfreier Magermasse vereichnet werden und dies mit nur fünf kombinierten aerob-anaeroben Trainingseinheiten pro Woche und einer 2000 Kcal-Diät.
Es handelt sich bei der Untersuchung um eine doppelt-blinde placebo-kontrollierte Studie. Sowohl die Gruppe, die ein Placebo bekam, als auch die Kontrollgruppe zeigten kaum deutliche Veränderungen in der Körperzusammensetzung. Bemerkenswert ist auch das subjektive Empfinden der Pyruvate-Gruppe. Sie empfanden deutlich weniger Müdigkeit (71%) und deutlich mehr Energie im Training (18%) und darüber hinaus stellte man einen um 2,2% erhöhten Energie-Grundumsatz fest. Die Ergebnisse der Tests wurden mit einer Dosierung von 6 Pyruvate täglich über einen Zeitraum von 6 Wochen erreicht.
In einer anderen Studie wurde durch Pyruvate eine Steigerung der Arm- und Beinmuskulatur um 300% bewiesen. Man hat allerdings darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Einnahme unmittelbar vor dem Training aufgrund seiner glycogenreduzierenden Wirkung nicht zu empfehlen ist. Ebenso stellte man fest, dass Pyruvate eine starke anti-oxidative Wirkung hat und somit aktiv zum Muskel- und Zellschutz beiträgt.

Dosierung der Pyruvate, Nebenwirkungen
Allgemein wird empfohlen ca. 5-6 Gramm pro Tag einzunehmen. Ab ca. 30 Gramm pro Tag treten Nebenwirkungen in Form von Durchfall und Übelkeit auf. Solch eine hohe Dosierung bringt auch keinerlei bessere Wirkungen. Hingegen fördert die gleichzeitige Einnahme von Zink und Vitamin B5 die Wirkung der Pyruvate, da sie zusammen im Zitronensäurezyklus gebraucht werden. Daher kann man die Wirkungen durch zusätzliche Nahrungsergänzungen mit Vitamin B5 und Zink verstärken.

Referenzen

Stanko RT, Adibi SA. Inhibition of lipid accumulation and enhancement of energy expenditure by the addition of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone to a rat diet. Metabolism. 1986 Feb;35(2):182-6
Stanko RT, Ferguson TL, Newman CW, Newman RK. Reduction of carcass fat in swine with dietary addition of dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. J Anim Sci. 1989 May;67(5):1272-8
Ivy JL, Cortez MY, Chandler RM, Byrne HK, Miller RH. Effects of pyruvate on the metabolism and insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Feb;59(2):331-7
Langhans W, Egli G, Scharrer E. Regulation of food intake by hepatic oxidative metabolism. Brain Res Bull. 1985 Oct;15(4):425-8
Cortez MY, Torgan CE, Brozinick JT Jr, Miller RH, Ivy JL. Effects of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone consumption on the growth and metabolic state of obese Zucker rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4):847-53 [abstract] [pubmed]
Stanko RT, Tietze DL, Arch JE. Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a 4.25-MJ/d low-energy diet supplemented with pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Oct;56(4):630-5
Stanko RT, Tietze DL, Arch JE. Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a severely restricted diet supplemented with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Apr;55(4):771-6.
Stanko RT, Arch JE. Inhibition of regain in body weight and fat with addition of 3-carbon compounds to the diet with hyperenergetic refeeding after weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 Oct;20(10):925-30
Kalman D, Colker CM, Wilets I, Roufs JB, Antonio J. The effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individuals. Nutrition. 1999 May;15(5):337-40.
McCarty MF, Gustin JC. Pyruvate and hydroxycitrate/carnitine may synergize to promote reverse electron transport in hepatocyte mitochondria, effectively 'uncoupling' the oxidation of fatty acids. Med Hypotheses. 1999 May;52(5):407-16
Stanko RT, Robertson RJ, Spina RJ, Reilly JJ Jr, Greenawalt KD, Goss FL. Enhancement of arm exercise endurance capacity with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. J Appl Physiol. 1990 Jan;68(1):119-24.
Stanko RT, Robertson RJ, Galbreath RW, Reilly JJ Jr, Greenawalt KD, Goss FL. Enhanced leg exercise endurance with a high-carbohydrate diet and dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. J Appl Physiol. 1990 Nov;69(5):1651-6
Ivy JL. Effect of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone on metabolism and aerobic endurance capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jun;30(6):837-43
Ochiai K, Zhang J, Gong G, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ye Y, Wu X, Liu H, Murakami Y, Bache RJ, Ugurbil K, From AH. Effects of augmented delivery of pyruvate on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism at high workstate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Oct;281(4):H1823-32
Van Schuylenbergh R, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P. Effects of oral creatine-pyruvate supplementation in cycling performance. Int J Sports Med. 2003 Feb;24(2):144-50
Morrison MA, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ. Pyruvate ingestion for 7 days does not improve aerobic performance in well-trained individuals. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Aug;89(2):549-56
Mallet RT. Pyruvate: metabolic protector of cardiac performance. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000 Feb;223(2):136-48
Cicalese L. Pyruvate in organ transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001 Jul-Aug;25(4):216-8
Kalman D, Colker CM, Roufs J, Maharam LG. Effects of Exogenous Pyruvate on Body Composition and Energy Levels. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 1998;30;5:s156

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Pyruvate

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