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Nickel

Allgemeines
Nickel ist ein silberweiß glänzendes Element und zählt zu den ferromagnetischen Schwermetallen. Es besitzt die Ordnungszahl 28 im Periodensystem der Elemente. Benannt wurde Nickel nach Berggeistern ('Nickel-Kobolde'), die den mittelalterlichen Bergleuten die damals wertlosen Nickel-Erze als Silber vorspiegelten. In der Erdoberfläche steht es an 21. Stelle der Häufigkeit aller Elemente. Es ist überliefert, dass bereits die Chinesen im Jahr 2000 vor Christus Nickel-Kupferverbindungen verwendeten. Es wurde von dem schwedischen Mineralogen und Chemiker Frederick Cronstedt (1722-1765) im Jahr 1751 entdeckt. Nickel kommt als reines Metall nur in Meteoriten vor, welche die Erde erreichten. Ansonsten liegt es u.a. als Magnetkies (Pyrrhotin), Weißnickelkies (Kobalt-Nickelarsenid), Rotnickelkies (Nickelarsenid) oder Gelbnickelkies (Nickelarsenid) vor. In der technischen Industrie wird es vor allem zur Stahlveredelung verwendet. Ferner wird Nickel bei der Geldmünzherstellung eingesetzt und ist in Schalen oder Instrumenten des Laboratoriumsbedarfs enthalten.
Nickel ist für viele Organismen lebensnotwendig (essentiell). Ob das Gleiche auch für den Menschen gilt, ist bisher noch nicht eindeutig geklärt. Nickel könnte aber für einige Enzyme und den Stoffwechsel bestimmter Hormone von Bedeutung sein und im Zellkern beim Aufbau von Nukleinsäuren mitwirken. Weiter scheint Nickel für die Speicherung von Glykogen in der Leber eine Rolle zu spielen.

Funktionen im Körper
Im Körper eines Erwachsenen mit einem durchschnittlichen Körpergewicht von 70 kg findet man einige Milligramm Nickel, das vor allem in hormonbildenden Drüsen, Lunge, Leber und Nieren vorkommt. Nickel ist Bestandteil einer Reihe von Enzymen wie der Urease. Die Urease spaltet Harnstoff in Kohlendioxid und Ammoniak. Außerdem enthalten die Enzyme, die DNA und RNA bearbeiten oder stabilisieren, relativ viel Nickel.

Mangelerscheinungen
Ein Mangel an Nickel führt zu einer Störung der Atmungskette (Zitronensäurezyklus), weil Nickel Beststandteil einiger der beteiligen Enzyme ist. Außerdem kann es zu einer Störung des Stoffwechsels beim Glukoseabbau kommen. Durch die Beteiligung von Nickel an der Urease, dem Enzym, das Harnstoff (Urea) abbaut, kommt es bei Nickelmangel möglicherweise zu einer Urämie, also einer erhöhten Harnstoffkonzentration im Blut.

Überdosierung und Nebenwirkungen
Eine Nickelallergie ist relativ häufig. Man geht davon aus, dass bis zu 10% der Frauen und etwa 1% der Männer auf den Hautkontakt mit Nickelverbindungen allergisch-entzündlich reagieren und es zu einem Kontaktekzem kommt. Als Auslöser gelten meist nickelhaltige Uhren und nickelhaltiger Schmuck. Häufig enthalten auch die Metallknöpfe von Hosen, insbesondere von Jeans, Nickel.
Studien über Menschen, die in nickelverarbeitenden Betrieben oder Raffinerien arbeiten, zeigen ein wesentlich häufigeres Vorkommen von Lungen- und Nasenkrebs. Nickel wurde auch im Tabak aufgefunden. Es ist möglicherweise einer der krebserregenden (karzinogenen) Bestandteile im Tabakrauch. Wie bei allen Schwermetallen kann es bei extremer Überdosierung, die allerdings sehr selten ist, zu diversen schweren Vergiftungserscheinungen kommen.

Bedarf
Der Nickelbedarf ist von individuellen Gegebenheiten abhängig und liegt bei maximal 50 µg pro Tag. Nickelreiche Lebensmittel sind Kakao (Schokolade), Nüsse und Hülsenfrüchte.

- Gigas admin -

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Nickel