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Myostatin

Myostatin – Regulator des Muskelwachstums
1997 wurde erstmals der Wachstums- und Entwicklungsfaktor „Myostatin“ von Wissenschaftlern der Johns Hopkins Universität beschrieben. Gezielte Mutationen (Genveränderungen) bei Mäusen, im Sinne eines Ausschaltens dieses Gens, führte zu einem massiven Anstieg der Muskelmasse der Tiere. Weitere Forschungen ergaben kurze Zeit später, dass eine Störung dieses Gens für die extrem muskulöse Erscheinung zweier Rinderrassen (z.B. Belgian Blue Cattle) verantwortlich ist.

Myostatin ist ein Protein (Eiweiß) das zu einer Gruppe von Proteinen gehört die bei der Regulation des Zellwachstums eine Rolle spielen (sog. TGF = transforming growth factor Proteine). Es wird in den Muskelzellen gebildet und begrenzt deren Wachstum. Starke Muskelmassenverluste wie sie bei Patienten mit einer HIV-Infektion auftreten oder auch nach Immobilisation (Ruhigstellung) bzw. nach Aufenthalt in Schwerelosigkeit führen zu einer verstärkten Bildung von Myostatin. Die Differenzierung von Satellitenzellen in der Skelettmuskulatur zu Muskelzellen wird durch Myostatin gehemmt. In Tierexperimenten fand man auch eine Verminderung der Myostatinexpression durch körperliches Training. Keine Akne von den Steoriden und keine großen Ohren von den Wachstumshormonen. Einfach synthetische Gene mit einer Art Gentaxi in die Muskelzellen schleusen und der Olymp naht. Zur Behandlung des Muskelschwundes testeten Wissenschafter bei Mäusen spezielle Antikörper oder kleine RNA-Moleküle (small interfering RNA), die die wachstumshemmende Wirkung des Myostatins verhindern. Die Mäuse entwickeln sich zu vierbeinigen Muskelpaketen, die gesundheitlichen Risiken sind, zumindest beim Tier, gering. Es scheint somit eine Frage der Zeit, wann auch Sportler zur Genspritze greifen.

26. Juni 2004 An der Charite in Berlin ist vor einiger Zeit ein Baby mit ungewöhnlich stark ausgebildeter Muskulatur zur Welt gekommen. Ein genetischer Test erwies eine Mutation in beiden Erbanlagen humanen Myostatins, einem Eiweiß, das in Tierversuchen als Muskelwachstumshemmer identifiziert worden war. Es löst in mutanten Mäusen ebenfalls ein übermäßiges Wachstum von Muskelgewebe aus. Das berichten Dr. Markus Schülke und seine Kollegen in der aktüllen Ausgabe von The New England Journal of Medicine.
Die Mutter des Neugeborenen wurde ebenfalls auf die Mutation hin getestet. Man fand, dass bei ihr eine der beiden Erbanlagen defekt war. Interessanterweise war sie professionelle Sprinterin und stammt aus einer Familie mit vielen starken Angehörigen: Ihr Großvater z.B. war Bauarbeiter, der 330 Pfund schwere Steine heben konnte. Der jetzt 4 jährige Junge ist bisher körperlich gesund und kann mittlerweile 6.6 Pfund schwere Gewichte mit ausgestreckten Armen halten.

Forscher hoffen, dass man durch Blockade des Gens oder mit Antikörpern gegen Myostatin eines Tages Muskelschwächen wie Muskeldystrophie behandeln kann. Auch könnten Athleten mit Hilfe solcher Medikamente die Menge an Myostatin in ihren Körpern senken. Denkbar wären in Zukunft natürlich auch Designer-Babys, bei denen das Myostatin-Gen ausgeschaltet ist. Nichts bekannt ist bisher über die Nebenwirkung einer Myostatin-Blockade.

Ein Photo des sieben Monate alten Jungen.

Aus den bisher gewonnenen Erkenntnissen ergeben sich neben der möglichen Vorhersagbarkeit von Kraftentwicklung unter leistungssportlichen Training sowie der möglichen Beeinflussung der Kraftentwicklung im Sinne von Doping insbesondere mögliche Ansatzpunkte für die Nutzung zur Behandlung von Muskelerkrankungen.
Man könnte Patienten helfen, die aus verschiedenen Gründen an Muskelschwund leiden, etwa an der erblichen Muskeldystropie (Duchenne` schen Erkrankung), die schon Kinder betrifft, oder auch Patienten im Alter oder mit Erkrankungen, in deren Folge Muskelschwund auftritt. Man wird versuchen, durch Medikamente das Myostatin teilweise oder ganz zu blockieren, um so das Muskelwachstum anzuregen.

Bedarf im Sport
Gendoping könnte einerseits zur Bildung von mehr Muskelmasse bzw. von schnelleren Muskelfasern führen oder die körpereigene Stimulation der Synthese von Hormonen wie zum Beispiel Erythropoietin oder von anderen anabolen Wirkstoffen anregen. Die Welt-Anti-Doping-Agentur WADA hat vorsorglich genverändernde Verfahren auf die aktualisierte Verbotsliste gesetzt. Für die Olympischen Spiele in Peking wird diese Methode voraussichtlich ein großes Thema sein.
Mitarbeiter des Kölner Kompetenzzentrums für präventive Dopingforschung arbeiten bereits an einem Bluttest auf Gen-Doping. Ziel ist es, Veränderungen in den Genen an Verschiebungen im Proteinprofil des Plasmas erkennen zu können. Ebenso könnten auch Gewebeproben Hinweise liefern. Auch die Kombination mit einem Lügendetektor wurde bereits erwogen. Diese nicht unumstrittene Methode wird bereits bei der World Natural Body Building Federation angewendet.

Es wird empfohlen die Anweisung des jeweiligen Produktes zu beachten. Nebenwirkungen sind noch nicht bekannt.

Referenzen

Dr. Jens-Peter Weber, Medizinischer Referent der DGM, Myostatin – Regulator des Muskelwachstums
"New England Journal of Medicine" ([2004] 350, 38-44)
GINA KOLATA, New York Times online / A Very Muscular Baby Offers Hope Against Diseases. June 24, 2004
Matthias Bastigkeit, Fachdozent für Pharmakologie, (12.08.2004) Doping – mit Gentherapie und Insulinspritze höher, weiter, schneller? Olympische Sommerspiele 2004 (http://www.medizin.de)

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Myostatin