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Mineralien/Spurenelemente

Mineralstoffe sind nicht-organische Nährstoffe, die äußerst wichtig für den Körper sind. Der Organismus kann sie nicht selbst herstellen, sie müssen daher über die Nahrung zugeführt werden. Mineralstoffe selbst sind, wie die Vitamine, keine Energieträger, d.h. sie tragen nicht oder nur unbedeutend zum Energiestoffwechsel bei. Einige Mineralstoffe sind in ihrer elementaren Form toxisch (z.B. Chlor), als Verbindung jedoch essentiell - Chlorid, z.B. im Natriumchlorid (Kochsalz).
Bei der Unterteilung nach Aufgaben unterscheidet man zwischen Bau- und Reglerstoffen. So zählen Kalzium, Phosphor und Magnesium zu den Baustoffen - Jod, Natrium, Kalium, Eisen und Chlor hingegen zu den Reglerstoffen. Einige Mineralstoffe besitzen allerdings beide Eigenschaften zugleich. Phosphor ist zum Beispiel am Aufbau von Knochen und Zähnen und zugleich an der Regulation des Säure-Basen-Haushalts beteiligt. Mineralstoffe werden auch als Mengenelemente bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu den Spurenelementen liegen sie in einer relativ hohen Konzentration im Körper vor: Sie sind zu mehr als 50 mg pro kg Körpergewicht (Trockenmasse) enthalt.

Beispiele für Mengenelemente:

Die Hauptbestandteile unserer Nahrung, Kohlenhydrate, Fette und Proteine, reichen allein nicht aus, um eine gesunde Ernährung sicherzustellen. Zusätzlich sind bestimmte Bestandteile notwendig, die in winzigen Mengen unserem Körper zugeführt werden müssen, da er sie nicht selbst herstellen kann. Neben Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen sind die so genannten Spurenelemente für viele Funktionen wichtig, obwohl sie nur in sehr geringen Konzentrationen (weniger als 50 mg/kg Körpergewicht) im Körper vorliegen.
Bei der Unterteilung nach Aufgaben unterscheidet man zwischen Bau- und Reglerstoffen. So zählen Kalzium, Phosphor und Magnesium zu den Baustoffen - Jod, Natrium, Kalium, Eisen und Chlor hingegen zu den Reglerstoffen. Einige Mineralstoffe besitzen allerdings beide Eigenschaften zugleich. Phosphor ist zum Beispiel am Aufbau von Knochen und Zähnen und zugleich an der Regulation des Säure-Basen-Haushalts beteiligt. Schließlich gibt es die Unterteilung nach essentiellen und nicht-essentiellen Mineralstoffen, d.h. lebensnotwendigen und nicht-lebensnotwendigen. Bei einigen Mineralstoffen ist es allerdings unklar, ob sie im Körper lebensnotwendige Funktionen erfüllen. Während zum Beispiel Jod und Eisen gesichert zu den essentiellen Mineralstoffen gehören, ist dies bei Bor noch unklar.

Beispiele für Spurenelemente:

Für alle Spurenelemente gilt, dass viel nicht viel hilft, eher im Gegenteil: So wertvoll sie für den gesunden Organismus sind, so gefährlich kann bei vielen eine Überdosierung sein. Arsen- oder Selenvergiftung und Kupferspeicherkrankheit sind nur einige der möglichen Probleme. Einige Mineralstoffe befinden sich in einem funktionellen Regelkreis und beeinflussen einander, zum Beispiel Natrium und Kalium, die bei der Nervensignalleitung als Gegenspieler wirken.
Manche sind Bestandteile von Hormonen, etwa das Jod beim Schilddrüsenhormon. Andere, wie manche Mengenelemente, sorgen gelöst als Elektrolyte in Form von positiv geladenen Kationen und negativ geladenen Anionen für Elektroneutralität in den Körperflüssigkeiten zwischen den Geweben und für die Aufrechterhaltung des osmotischen Drucks.
Leicht verfügbar sind sie für den Organismus vor allem in bestimmten Verbindungen, etwa Natrium und Chlor in Form des Kochsalzes oder Zink in Form von Zink-Chelat.

- Gigas admin -

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Mineralien/Spurenelemente

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