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Glutamin/Glutaminsäure

Glutamin Glutaminsäure

Glutamin ist eine nicht essentielle Aminosäure und in ihrer Struktur eng mit der Glutaminsäure verwandt, sie können ineinander umgewandelt werden. Beim Mensch und allen Säugetieren kommt jeweils nur die L-Form dieser beiden Aminosäuren vor. Glutamin wurde 1883 aus Rübensaft isoliert, konnte aber erst 1932 aus Gliadin, einem Weizenprotein, isoliert und ein Jahr später chemisch synthetisiert werden. Die Glutaminsäure wurde 1866 aus Weizen isoliert und 1890 synthetisiert. Sie kommt vor allem in Pflanzenproteinen vor. Diese können bis zu 45 Prozent an Glutaminsäure enthalten, andere Proteine haben dagegen oft nur Anteile von 10 bis 20 Prozent. Glutamin ist für den Zellstoffwechsel von Säugetieren sehr wichtig und kann als einzige Aminosäure die Barriere zwischen Blut und Hirn sehr schnell passieren. Es kann vom menschlichen Körper bei Bedarf in kleineren Mengen selbst hergestellt werden, wenn in der Ernährung Glutamin-reiche Quellen fehlen. Der größte Teil wird aber aus der Nahrung gewonnen.

Glutamin und Glutaminsäure haben wichtige Funktionen im Körper
Glutamin ist diejenige Aminosäure, die im menschlichen Körper die höchsten Anteile hat und die wichtigste nicht essentielle Quelle für Stickstoff. Glutamin ist die Vorläufersubstanz von GABS, der Gamma-Aminobuttersäure. Diese ist ein Neurotransmitter im Gehirn, der auf die Nervenbahnen beruhigend und besänftigend wirkt. Bekannte Beruhigungs- bzw. Schlafmittel wie Valium und Benzodiazepine entfalten ihre Wirkung, indem sie GABS im Gehirn anregen. Von allen Aminosäuren hat Glutamin die höchste Konzentration im Blut und in den Muskelgeweben. Es wird dort abgebaut, um Energie zu gewinnen. Glutamin ist allgemein die wichtigste Quelle für Energie in den Zellen. Es trägt zur Synthese von Genbausteinen bei. Daher haben alle Körperzellen, die sich häufig teilen bzw. erneuern, einen hohen Bedarf an Glutamin. Das gilt besonders für die Zellen der Darmwände und die Leukozyten (weiße Blutkörperchen). Auf diese Weise kann Glutamin auch das Immunsystem stärken, das gilt vor allem bei starken körperlichen Stressbelastungen. Glutamin kann in der Leber zu Glukose umgewandelt werden, dies kann den Spiegel des Blutzuckers im Körper stabilisieren. Zusammen mit Cystein und Selen ist Glutamin außerdem ein Ausgangsstoff für die Bildung von Glutathion, ein lebenswichtiges Antioxidans im Gewebe. Die Glutaminsäure entsteht durch die Hydrolyse (Spaltung durch Wasser) von Proteinen.Die Umwandlung von Glutaminsäure zu Glutamin ist für die Regulation, den Abbau und die Ausscheidung von Ammoniak im Körper sehr wichtig. Angereichert in der Muskelzelle, übt Glutamin einen osmotischen Druck aus, d.h. Glutamin hält Wasser im Muskel und schafft dadurch die Bedingungen für eine optimale Proteinsynthese. Entsprechend konnte in Studien nachgewiesen werden, dass die Muskelzelle bei Gabe von Glutamin in einen anabolen Zustand versetzt wird. Eine Gezielte Glutamin-Zufuhr nach körperlicher Belastung, kann Infektanfälligkeit bei Sportlern verringern. Interessanterweise kam es bei einer Studie zu einer Erhöhung des anabol und fettverbrennend wirksamen Wachstumshormons, sowie des Plasmabikarbonatspiegels, einem wichtigen Säurepuffersystem des Körpers. Bikarbonat hilft, eine Lactatanhäufung im der Muskulatur, wie sie beim Training stattfindet, zu verringern, so dass vom Kraftsportler, der Glutamin vor dem Training zuführt, mehr Wiederholungen bewältigt werden können. Es kann den Wachstumshormon-Spiegel anheben, die Konzentrationsfähigkeit verbessern und möglicherweise das Verlangen nach Süßigkeiten reduzieren.

Die Hauptlieferanten von Glutamin und Glutaminsäure
Viele eiweißreiche Lebensmittel enthalten reichlich Glutaminsäure, beispielsweise Geflügel, Fisch und Gemüse, darunter besonders Rüben, Karotten und Rettich. Glutamin und GABS sind als spezifische Substanzen in Lebensmittel dagegen eher selten vorhanden

Einige Glutaminsäure-reiche* Lebensmittel enthalten in je 100 Gramm

Typische Gruppen für einen Mehrbedarf an Glutamin und Glutaminsäure
Bei physischen Belastungen, beispielsweise nach Verletzungen, Operationen und bei chronischen Krankheiten, besteht ein erhöhter Bedarf an Glutamin im Darm, in der Leber und im Immunsystem. Die körpereigene Bildung reicht dann nicht mehr aus, um den zusätzlichen Bedarf zu decken. Eine Ergänzung zusammen mit anderen Aminosäuren ist vor allem dann empfehlenswert, wenn die Proteinversorgung allgemein zu gering ist. Glutamin kann bei der Neigung zu Magengeschwüren und zur Gastritis aufgrund von zu hoher Aufnahme von Aspirin oder Alkohol vorbeugend wirken und dazu beitragen, Schäden an den Magenwänden zu verringern. Bei Alkoholismus kann Glutamin außerdem das Verlangen nach Alkohol verringern und Angstzustände senken.

Der Bedarf an Glutamin und Glutaminsäure kann bei folgenden Bedingungen, Beschwerden und Krankheiten erhöht sein:

bei Leistungssport und harter körperlicher Arbeit
bei starker physischer Belastung (z.B. durch Verletzungen, Operationen, Krankheiten)
bei Neigung zu Magengeschwüren und Gastritis
bei nervlicher Belastung und Anspannung
bei hohem Alkoholkonsum

Kann man Glutamin und Glutaminsäure überdosieren oder gibt es Nebenwirkungen?
Bei relativ hohen Dosen (bis zu 21 Gramm täglich) sind von Glutamin keine toxischen Wirkungen bekannt. Zu hohe Dosen können eventuell Hautrötungen und Hautkribbeln auslösen. Menschen die an manischer Depression oder Epilepsie leiden, sollten hohe Dosen von Glutamin vermeiden. Sie können die Glutamatspiegel im Gehirn zu stark erhöhen. Dies kann die Manie oder Epilepsie eventuell verschlimmern. Monosodium-Glutamat (MSG) ist ein Monosalz der L-Glutaminsäure. Dieses kann als Zusatzstoff in Lebensmitteln (E620 - E625) eingesetzt werden. MSG wird häufig für das sogenannte "Chinasyndrom" verantwortlich gemacht. Bei sensibilisierten Menschen können nach dem Verzehr offenbar Herzklopfen und Kopfschmerzen auftreten.

Optimale Dosierung
Aufgrund der Rückmeldungen von Athleten, die Glutamin eingesetzt haben, scheinen folgende Einnahmeschemata ratsam:

über den Tag verteilt 4-6 Dosierungen von jeweils 2-4g Glutamin
vor und nach dem Training jeweils 5-10g Glutamin, oder
die Zufuhr von 10-15g Glutamin sofort nach dem Training, sowie eineinhalb bis zwei Stunden später noch einmal 10-15g.

Bei Einnahme von Glutamin erfährt der Sportler eine verbesserte Regeneration, einen besseren Pump im Training, sowie eine leichte Zunahme der Körperkraft. Bei einigen Athleten kommt es innerhalb der ersten Einnahmetage auch zu einem Anstieg des fettfreien Körpergewichts, ähnlich, aber geringer, als bei der Zufuhr von Creatin. Dies dürfte auf die verstärkte Glykogeneinlagerung, sowie einen erhöhten Wassergehalt in der Muskulatur zurückzuführen sein.

Referenzen

J Appl Physiol. 1999 Jun;86(6):1770-7. Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Bowtell JL, Gelly K, Jackman ML, Patel A, Simeoni M, Rennie MJ.
Am J Surg. 2002 Apr;183(4):471-9. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. May PE, Barber A, D'Olimpio JT, Hourihane A, Abumrad NN.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002 Jan;5(1):69-75. Glutamine: clinical applications and mechanisms of action. Neu J, DeMarco V, Li N.

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Glutamin/Glutaminsäure

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